Monday, November 01, 2021

All Saints

I remembered thy mercy, O Lord, and thy works, which are from the beginning of the world, how thou deliverest them that wait for thee, O Lord, and savest them out of the hands of the nations.

 

Niklaus von Flue

Born to a wealthy peasant family in Unterwalden in the Swiss Confederacy in 1417, Nicholas enrolled in the army and fought in the Old Zurich War (1440-1446); he also married and became a farmer when he wasn't engaged in his military duties. Popular among his neighbors, he became influential in the politics of his canton. One day when out in the fields caring for his cattle, he sat down to pray and had a vision of a beautifully scented white lily springing from his mouth, which was then eaten by the most beautiful horse he had ever seen, and he interpreted this as a calling to the contemplative life. After arranging things with his family, he began to live the life of a hermit. He continued to have elaborate symbolic visions, and people began to come to him for advice; in fact, pilgrims traveling the Way of St. James would often make Brother Klaus's hermitage one of their stopping points. In 1481, a major dispute arose among the Swiss cantons over whether Freiburg and Soleure should be admitted to the Swiss Confederacy, with some cantons demanding their admission and others resisting. They could not reach agreement. A Swiss parish priest visited Brother Klaus and discussed the matter with him; Klaus dictated a formal agreement that he thought would be acceptable to all parties, in which the new cantons would have a conditional admission. The priest brought Klaus's proposal to the Diet, which was near dissolution amid worries of civil war. Klaus's proposal was accepted unanimously; several cantons wrote him letters of thanks for his intervention. He died in 1487; his wife and children, with whom he had never entirely lost touch during his years as a hermit, were at his deathbed. Regarded as a national hero by Swiss Protestants and Catholics alike, a devotion to him among Swiss Catholics arose immediately after his death. He was beatified in 1669 and canonized by 1947, and is the patron saint of Switzerland. In Switzerland and some other parts of the world, his feast day is September 25, but in most other places it is March 21, the anniversary of his death.

Contardo of Este

Contardo of Este, born in 1217, was the crown prince of the Italian city-state of Ferrara. He renounced his crown, title, and wealth to become a simple man of God, and devoted himself to pilgrimage, which gave him his nickname, The Pilgrim. Nobody knows why he gave everything up for a life of poverty, and indeed, we have only very sketchy information about his life, but he died in Broni, Italy, where he was buried on a hill. Stories of miracles sprang up around that hill, and his body was eventually translated to a church. He was canonized in 1609 by Paul V. His feast day is April 16, and in iconography he is often depicted with a crown and scepter at his feet.

Peter of Verona

The early life of Peter of Verona is not well documented, but he was born in Verona around 1205 and attended the University of Bologna. At the age of fifteen, he met St. Dominic and joined the Order of Preachers. He was well-suited to the Dominicans; he was an excellent preacher. In the course of one of his preaching circuits, he seems to have founded or helped to found the Venerabile Arciconfraternita della Misericordia di Firenze, more commonly known as La Misericordia, a lay fraternity devoted to helping the sick. (It is still around today and is often said to be the oldest private institution devoted to the sick in the world.) He was also important in getting papal recognition for the Servite Order. But preaching was his primary work, and of course, in those days, the Dominicans preached directly against heresy, especially the Cathar heresy. As Peter began to have success in convincing Cathars to return to orthodoxy, he made some enemies among Cathar leaders, and, as it was Italy in the thirteenth century, the Cathars of Milan hired an assassin, Carino of Balsamo. Carino and an associate waylaid Peter and a fellow Dominican near Barlassina, north of Milan; Carino hit Peter in the head with an axe and mortally wounded his companion. While Carino attacked the companion, Peter began to say the creed, and got no farther than "Credo in Deum" when Carino stabbed him with a dagger and he died on the spot, April 6, 1252, and he became ever after known as Peter Martyr. His companion survived the attack, but was mortally wounded and died a few days later. Carino fled to a monastery, where he confessed his sins to Bl. Giacomo Salomoni. Carino himself eventually became a lay Dominician and spent the rest of his life doing penances. Peter Martyr was canonized on March 9, 1253 by Innocent IV, making him the saint up to the point who was canonized most closely to his death. His feast day is April 6. Carino of Balsamo was beatified; his feast day is April 28.

Virginia Centurione Bracelli

Virginia Centurione was born in 1587 in Genoa to an important family; her father eventually became Doge of Genoa. She wanted to become a nun from an early age, but she was forced by her parents to marry Gaspare Grimaldi Bracelli, a rich nobleman. She had two children, but her husband died not long after, and she adamantly refused to marry again. Instead, she devoted her time and money to care of the sick and the needy. This eventually became crucial work when a major plague swept through the region. The little institution she founded for helping the sick expanded to a full hospital. She also assisted in mediating between the contentious Italian noble houses. She was beatified in 1985 by St. John Paul II and canonized in 2003 by the same. Her feast day is December 15.

Fulrad

Fulrad was born in Alsace around 710. At some point he joined the abbey of Saint-Denis, where he was elected the abbot around 750. He was an extremely competent abbot. During his tenure, the abbey lands were increased and he managed to negotiate the return of lands that had been seized by Charles Martel; he also founded a number of satellite monasteries, to which he eventually convinced the pope to assign a 'cloister bishop', a bishop specifically devoted to governing and administering the monasteries. He himself never became a bishop, but he became the chaplain first for Pippin III and then for Charlemagne, thus making him the most influential clergyman in France. He was significant for the work he did in keeping Pippin and Charlemagne on relative good terms with the papacy; this makes him a key player in the rise of the Carlovingian empire, as he is heavily responsible for the papacy throwing its support behind Pippin rather than Childeric. Fulrad died on July 16, 784, and his feast is on July 16.

Ivan of Rila

 Ivan was born in the village of Skrino somewhere near the Osogovo mountain range in Bulgaria in the late ninth century. He became a priest and then a monk, and eventually left for the Rila mountains, somewhere near the modern city of Dupnitsa, in order to live the life of a hermit in the caves there. Rumors of his sanctity and of miracles spread and became the seed of the Rila Monastery, the most important monastery in Bulgaria. The rumors spread so far that Czar Peter I went on pilgrimage to see him and ask his advice; however, on arriving at the foot of the Rila mountains, the Czar realized that there was no way he was going to be able to climb that rugged terrain to reach Ivan's cave; he could get close enough to see him in the distant, but that was all. And Ivan refused to come down and meet the Czar in person; he considered meeting with princes an occasion for vanity and refused to indulge it. So the saint and the Czar bowed to each other from a distance, and the Czar sent a soldier with a gift of food, gold, and silver. Ivan accepted the food, but sent all the gold and silver book with a message that kings need gold and silver to aid their people. St. Ivan Rilski, who is the patron saint of Bulgaria, died in August of 792; his feast day is October 19.

Austregisilus, Sulpitius the Pious, Desiderius, Amandus, Remaclus, Theodard, Lambert

It was the time of the Merovingian kings. We know very little about the early life of Austregisilus (Austrille, Outrille); he was born in the late sixth century and was a courtier in the court of King Gontram. He became a monk in the abbey of Saint-Nizier, in Lyon, and eventually the bishop of Bourges. He ordained and taught a large number of people, among whom were Sulpitius and Amand. Sulpitius was born in Vatan, and after his ordination, Austregisilus eventually made him director of the bishop's school; he was then summoned by Clotaire II to be a military chaplain. It was there that he likely made the friendship of Desiderius who had been raised at the Merovingian court and became Clotaire's treasurer. He became well known for his intensive devotion, which he had been taught by his mother. After the death of Austregisilus, Sulpitius was chosen to be bishop of Bourges. When King Dagobert I increased taxes and his flock complained about the burden, he negotiated with Dagobert to lighten the load. Eventually, Sulpitius retired to a monastery, where he died on January 17, 646. Desiderius, meanwhile, had been requested as the bishop of Cahors in 630, and Dagobert had given his consent. At Cahors, Desiderius became a central hub in the correspondence network among bishops and ardently advocated monastic life; he donated all his family estates to the Church and died around 650. 

St. Amandus, Austregisilus's other well-known student, is thought to have been born in Lower Pitou. Although from a noble family, Amand ran away to become a monk and was disinherited, although this was later rescinded, and at the death of his father, Amand returned to his estates temporarily to solve various problems with the inheritance that had arisen. He found the wealth enticing enough possibly to tempt him away from the monastic life, so he went on pilgrimage to Rome. When he returned, he was made a missionary bishop and preached the pagans of Ghent and Flanders. He had very little success until rumors spread that he had brought a hanged man back to life. When he returned to France, he kept getting in trouble by his attempts to get King Dagobert to reform his life; despite an influential ally in court, St. Acarius, he was exiled for a while. Acarius eventually convinced Dagobert to let Amand return; he founded several monasteries when he did. He also had a mission in Slovakia, which was a complete failure. Toward the very end of his life, he was made bishop of Maastricht for a short time (647-650), but then retired in his seventies order to do a final missionary tour and found more monasteries. He died in his nineties, preaching and administering monasteries to the very end.

One of St. Sulpitius's students was a man named Remaclus (Remacle). He became a priest and then a monk, and was eventually appointed, by St. Eligius, to be run a monastery at Solignac; the next stage of his career was running various monasteries. He became the missionary bishop of Maastricht after St. Amand, in 652. As such, he worked with St. Hadelin to preach to the Belgians and had several students, including St. Trudo, who became a missionary bishop, St. Babolen, who administered monasteries, St. Theodard, and St. Lambert. He eventually retired to a monastery and died in the 670s. Theodard (Diethardt) was his successor as bishop of Maastricht, having previously succeeded him as head of one of Remaclus's monasteries. He was famous for his cheerfulness and geniality. But around 670, he was on a trip back from seeing King Childeric II, to whom he had been appealing for justice in a dispute with various nobles who had seized Church lands; he was stopped in the forest and murdered. His murderers were never caught, but it is universally thought that he was murdered by the nobles for his defense of the Church, and therefore is usually listed as a martyr.

Theodard was succeeded as bishop of Maastricht by his nephew Lambert. We know very little of Lambert's life before this point. He is said to have been baptized by Remaclus and raised in the Merovingian court of King Childeric II. The period after Lambert became bishop of Maastricht was a trying time. Childeric was murdered in 675 and a major power struggle erupted. When one faction, that of Eboin, gained dominance, Lambert was expelled from his see; he was allowed to return when another faction, that of Pepin of Herstal, gained the upper hand. With the help of St. Willibrod, Lambert continued the missionary work of his predecessors, and one of his proteges was St. Hubert (who would succeed him as bishop of Maastricht). But the political situation, while more stable, had not become much better. Lambert is said to have denounced the adulterous relationship between Pepin of Herstal and Alpaida (the mother of Charles Martel). In the aftermath, Lambert was murdered by soldiers, probably attached to the family of Alpaida, as were his two nephews, Peter and Audolet, who died trying to defend their uncle.

This network of saints, of which only the core is given here, forms much of the foundation for the conversions of Neustria, Burgundy, Austrasia, Belgium, and surrounding regions, each one doing his own work, but each putting the gospel of Christ above his own interests, in a network-cascade of gospel and grace. The feast of St. Austregisilus of Bourges is May 20; that of St. Sulpitius the Pious is January 17; that of St. Desiderius of Cahors is May 23; that of St. Amand is Feruary 6; that of St. Remaclus is September 3; that of St. Theodard is September 10; that of St. Lambert is September 17.

The Martyrs of Shanxi

Seven sisters of the Franciscan Missionaries of Mary were assigned to the diocese of Shanxi in 1898 to assist with hospitals and orphanages. Sister Marie Adolphine was born into a very poor family in 1866 in Ossendrecht, Netherlands, as Anne-Catherine Dierks. She spent some time as a factory worker before joining the Franciscan Missionaries, and in China she worked in the laundry of the orphanage. Sister Marie de Saint Just, was born Anne-Francoise Moreau in 1866 in La Fate, France, to a moderate wealthy farming family and spent her childhood helping to sell produce. She was very close to her family, and after she joined the Missionaries, she underwent a severe depression linked to being separated from them; it grew so severe that she had a crisis of faith and began to worry that she was going insane. But with the help of her sisters, she recovered. Sister Maria Chiara was born Clelia Nanetti in 1872 in Santa Maria Maddalena, Italy, and had disappointed her parents, who wanted her to marry, by running away to the Missionaries. Sister Marie Hermina was born as Imra Grivot in 1866 in Beaune, France, to the daughter of a cooper. She was very sickly much of her life; it interfered greatly with her education, and after she joined the Missionaries, she had to make extraordinary efforts to prove that she was capable of the rigors and hardships that the foreign missionary work she wanted to do would require; in the process, however, she had gained a considerable amount of experience in keeping accounts and caring for the sick. Sister Marie Santa Natalia was born as Jeanne-Marie Kerguin in Belle Isle en Terre, France, in 1864 to a poor family in the backwoods mountains. She was well-known among her sisters for her willingness to work, cheerfully doing even the most menial tasks, and for her love of prayers. Her first few months in China she was hospitalized for typhus and was just starting to return completely to normal. Sister Marie de la Paix was born as Marianna Giuliani in 1875 in Aquila, Italy, where she had had a hard child; her mother was moderately pious but her father was vehemently anti-religious, and he abandoned all seven children after her mother died; they had to be cared for by neighbors and religious sisters. Marianna, with the help of the latter, studied in France and was in charge of organizing the orphanage; she was also well-known among the sisters for her heavenly singing voice. Sister Marie Amandine was born as Pauline Jeuris in 1872 in Herk-la-Ville, Belgium; she was easily recognized by her easy and laughing disposition, and had been a nurse in France before coming to China. Seven women, all very different in background and personality, but united in one destiny, coming together in one place and one time to die for Christ. The Boxer Rebellion spread through Shanxi, including Taiyuanfu, where their hospital and orphanage were located; they were seized and beheaded in July 1900. Their feast day is July 8, although they are also commemorated with all Martyrs of China on September 28.

Tôma Khuông

Born somewhere around 1779 in Vietnam to a Christian noble family, Thomas Khuong eventually became a priest in the vicariate of Central Tonkin. He also became a Dominican tertiary and a member of the Dominican priestly fraternity, which meant that he was a diocesan priest under a bishop but formally affiliated with the Dominicans. Life became quite difficult during the reign of Minh Mệnh, the second emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty. In 1825, the emperor banned all Christian missionaries, condemning Christianity as a European perversion that corrupted minds. Tôma was imprisoned a number of times, but survived the Minh Mệnh persecution. The next emperor was no friendlier to Christians, but the practical need for good relations with France limited the actual damage that he did to the Church. There were fewer restraints on the next emperor after that, Tự Đức, whose long reign began in 1837. Tự Đức, reasoning that France would be too absorbed in major European crises at the time to interfere, cracked down hard on Vietnamese Christians, at one point demanding that they either renounce their faith or be branded on their faces and treated as outlaws. Tự Đức's calculations proved incorrect, as his repeated excesses in handling missionaries ended up infuriating all of the major European powers in the area, leading to increasing European encroachment and domination that could not be resisted because he could no longer play the European powers off each other. But many died in the persecutions, and among them was Father Tôma Khuông. While traveling in December of 1859, he was arrested and was ordered to renounce his faith and tread on a crucifix to show his sincerity. When he refused, he was beheaded. On January 30, 1860, he was executed by beheading. He was canonized in 1988 by St. John Paul II. His personal feast is January 30, but he is also celebrated with all Vietnamese Martyrs on November 24. 

Maria Teresa Goretti

Maria Goretti was born in 1890 in the Kingdom of Italy to a poor family that eventually had to share a residence with another family, the Serenellis, to get by. Her father died when she was young, and as her mother and brothers had to work in the fields to scrape together enough to feed themselves, she looked after her younger siblings. In 1902, she was accosted by the Serenelli boy, Alessandro, who tried to rape her. She refused to yield, telling him that he was committing a sin and would go to hell for it, so he stabbed her seventeen times with an awl. The other Gorettis came upon her bleeding on the floor and rushed her to the hospital, but it was too late, and she died, after forgiving Alessandro and expressing a hope that he might repent of his sin and achieve heaven. Alessandro Serenelli was arrested, convicted, and imprisoned, but as a minor he did not receive the usual life sentence but a thirty-year sentence. He was unrepentant, until after three years in prison he had a dream of Maria in which she gave him a lily and it turned to fire in his hands. After his time was served, he apologized to the Gorettis and became a Capuchin friar, dying in 1970. St. Maria Goretti was beatified in 1947 and canonized in 1950. Her feast is July 6. 

Lidwina of Schiedam

Born in 1380 in Holland to a poor family of laborers, Lidwina at the age of 15 was in an ice skating accident that damaged her ribs. She never fully recovered, and in fact her condition slowly deteriorated over the course of her life, eventually becoming paralyzed and contracting a condition in which she regularly bled and shed skin. Exactly what her full condition was, we don't know, but she is often thought to have suffered from, among other things, multiple sclerosis, which, if so, would make her one of the earliest plausible cases in historical record. She devoted her life to fasting and prayer, and became widely known throughout Holland as a mystic and a healer. Her time of suffering was long. She died in 1433 at the age of fifty-two. Pilgrims almost immediately began visiting her tomb, and her fame spread when Thomas a Kempis wrote and published a summary of a prior hagiography of her. She was formally canonized in 1890 by Pope Leo XIII. Her feast is April 14.

Oliver Plunkett

Oliver Plunkett was born in County Meath, Ireland, in the 1620s. His early adulthood was a tumultuous time, even by Irish standards; the Irish Confederate Wars that began in 1641 as Ireland was drawn into the Wars of the Three Kingdoms were some of the more devastating in its history. Irish Catholics fought English and Scottish Protestant colonists, first the Royalists, then the Parliamentarians and Convenanters, in a series of campaigns that were extremely ruthless on each side. It would end with disaster as the Irish Catholic Confederation, the primary Irish alliance in the war, began falling part just prior to the arrival of Oliver Cromwell, whose New Model Army rolled over the more loosely organized Irish forces in 1649 and instituted a repressive and vehemently anti-Catholic regime against which the Irish carried on an extensive guerilla war. As a candidate for priesthood, Plunkett had gone to Rome in 1647 and was ordained in 1654, at which point he was selected by the Irish bishops to be their representative in Rome. The Cromwell regime made it impractical to return home, so he remained in Rome, doing various bits of lobbying on behalf of the Irish and working for the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith. He was appointed by Rome to be the bishop of Armagh in 1669, and arrived back in Ireland the next year. The Restoration government was at that point fairly tolerant of Catholics, so he was able to do extensive work, including establishing a Jesuit college and returning the clergy to some semblance of order. However, the Test Act of 1673, requiring the rejection of transubstantiation by office-holders, initiated a less tolerant period, leading to the closing of the college and to Plunkett going into hiding after refusing a government requirement to register for possible exile. This worked for a few years, but in 1678, Titus Oates manufactured evidence of a large Catholic conspiracy, the Popish Plot. King Charles II was extremely skeptical, but political necessities, and the general tendency in Parliament to believe the story, forced him to open investigations, which inevitably found some scattered evidence of actions against the government among Catholics, which resulted in a spread of denunciations and attacks on Catholics, which snowballed into a large-scale response by the government to quash the Catholic menace. Plunkett was one of the people named and denounced. He was hunted down and arrested in December of 1679. The government attempted to put him on trial for an alleged plot to bring French soldiers into Ireland, but the government's case fell apart quite quickly, so they sent him to London to be tried again. At this second trial, Plunkett was refused the rights to have defending counsel and to call witnesses. He was convicted of high treason for promoting the Catholic religion. A number of people, including a number of Protestants, pled for the king to pardon him, but Charles did not regard himself as being in a sufficiently secure position that he could do so. St. Oliver was hanged, drawn, and quartered on July 1, 1681. He was beatified in 1920 and canonized in 1975. His feast is July 1.

Mariam Baouardy

Mariam Bauardy's parents, who were Melkite Catholics, had lost several children in infancy and she was born on January 5, 1846 in Palestine after they had undertaken a pilgrimage on foot to Bethlehem to pray for a child; she was named after the Virgin Mary in celebration of her parents' answered prayers. They would have another child, a son, a short time later. Her parents, however, died of illness in 1848, and she was raised by her uncle, who moved to Alexandria in Egypt. At the age of thirteen, she was betrothed to a man in Cairo, but she had a vision that she interpreted as a call to religious life. When she told her uncle, he beat her. Another man tried to get her to convert to Islam and marry himself. When she refused, he flew into a rage and slit her throat, dumping her body in an alleyway. But she did not die. As she lay there, throat slit, in the alley, she was discovered by a nun in blue habit, who carried her to a cave, stitched her wound, and cared for her for a month until she was well enough to leave. She never learned the nun's name. Mariam spent some time as a domestic servant; the four-inch wound had affected her vocal chords, but she could still speak well enough to make herself understood. On a trip to Jerusalem, she pledged to join the religious life at the Holy Sepulcher. She attempted to return by boat from Jaffa, but due to extremely bad weather, the boat had to harbor in Beirut. She decided to stay there a while, working as a maid. She did not have good fortune in Beirut; she contracted a condition in which she went temporarily blind and at one point had a fall that stunned her so badly that people at first thought she was dead. She recovered from both, however, and went to Marseilles, where she began to look into various religious orders, eventually becoming a postulant for the Congregation of the Sisters of St. Joseph of the Apparition. The sisters eventually rejected her as a suitable candidate, but her time as postulant had connected her to Mother Veronica of the Passion, who had received permission to start a Discalced Carmelite monastery at Pau with the intention of training sisters for missionary work in India, and thus Mariam joined the Carmelites as Mary of Jesus Crucified. In 1870, she went with the first missionary group to Mangalore for a two-year period. Then, in 1875, she returned to Palestine to found a Carmelite monastery in Bethlehem. While working the monastery, she had another bad fall; when her bones healed, they did so badly and she developed bone cancer and died on August 26, 1878; August 26 would become her feast day. She was beatified in 1983 and canonized in 2015.

Marinus

We know very little about the life of St. Marinus, who lived in the late third and early fourth century, and our earliest written stories about him are from several centuries after his death. According to legends, which may or may not be right, he was a stonemason from the island of Rab in modern-day Croatia, but had to move around due to the persecutions under Diocletian. His name ("of the sea") was in reality very likely a pseudonym. He became a deacon under St. Gaudentius of Rimini, but at some point, at least as one story goes, he was recognized by a mentally unstable woman who tried to use the information to make him her husband. Other stories say that preaching to slaves led him to reflect on the evils of the world. Whatever the reason, he fled to Monte Titano in about 301, where he built a chapel and monastery and lived as a hermit. His reputation for piety spread, and eventually came to the ears of the people who actually owned Monte Titano, who hadn't known at first that he had taken up residence. However, they were impressed enough by Marinus himself that they gifted it to him, and over the years, Marinus worked to keep the community free from outside entanglements. A community built up around the monastery The legend says that he died in 366 with his last words being, "I leave you free from both men." Nobody knows for sure what he meant, but it has traditionally been taken by the citizens of San Marino, the community he founded, to mean that he had deliberately arranged things so that they would be under the civil authority neither of the Emperor nor of the Pope, and, whether it is true or not, it has led to the people of San Marino having a firm conviction of the importance of their independence, which they retain to this day. Saint Marinus's feast day is September 3, which the Republic of San Marino also celebrates as the Feast of San Marino and the Republic.

Nunzio Sulprizio

Nunzio Sulprizio was born in 1817 in Pescara in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. His father died when he was quite young, and his stepfather was a harsh man; when his mother also died a few years later, he was sent to live with his maternal grandmother, a poorly educated but very devout woman. It was a good relationship, but his grandmother died too, just a few years later, and he was sent to live with his maternal uncle, another very harsh man. He lived under what were often very bad conditions -- his uncle's preferred method of discipline was not feeding him -- as he learned the trade of blacksmith. In 1831 he became severely sick after being overworked. He was eventually hospitalized, and spent a long period in pain in the hospital, pushing through the pain with the help of the rosary. His paternal uncle, a soldier who had been often away, visited him in the hospital, the first time that they had actually met; his paternal uncle connected him to another soldier, Colonel Felice Wolchinger, who took a liking to the young man and began to make sure that he was properly cared for. He improved for a brief period, but in 1835, Nunzio had to have a leg amputated due to gangrene arising from the conditions of his illness, but it was probably too late; his illness only worsened and he died on May 5, 1836, at the age of 19. He was beatified in 1963 by Pius VI and canonized in 2018 by Francis; his feast day is May 5.


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2019 All Saints Post, Part III
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2019 All Saints Post, Part II
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2019 All Saints Post, Part I
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2018 All Saints Post
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2017 All Saints Post
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2015 All Saints Post
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2014 All Saints Post
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2013 All Saints Post
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2012 All Saints Post
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2011 All Saints Post
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2010 All Saints Post
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